IoT-Enabled Digital Twin for Autonomous Modular Construction Progress Monitoring

Abstract

This study aims to develop and validate an autonomous progress monitoring solution for modular construction using DT technology. The goal is to address limitations in current modular construction monitoring by integrating IoT technologies with DT platforms to provide real-time, actionable insights and enhance project coordination. A DSR methodology was adopted to guide systematic development and validation of the proposed DT-based artefact. The research involved a detailed literature review to identify existing gaps in modular construction progress monitoring, followed by design, implementation, and testing of a practical DT solution using a simulated modular construction case study. The solution integrates close-range IoT technologies—specifically RFID tags and readers—to capture pre-defined element status data and generate real-time progress visualisation. The findings confirm that DTs, when coupled with appropriate IoT technologies, can provide a feasible and scalable solution for autonomous progress monitoring in modular construction. Close-range tracking technologies were found to offer the most reliable and accessible means for data collection. The solution emphasises simplicity and practicality, using minimal but targeted data to deliver meaningful progress metrics. The novel DT ontology further supports adaptability across diverse project settings, ensuring broader applicability. This research makes a novel contribution by presenting a validated, lightweight DT-based progress monitoring framework tailored to the unique characteristics of modular construction. Unlike traditional 4D BIM approaches, the solution prioritises automation, accessibility, and operational efficiency, aligning with Industry 4.0 objectives. It offers a replicable architecture for future DT implementations in construction, thereby advancing both academic understanding and industrial practice.